Thirty years of change and the future of Alaskan fisheries: Shifts in fishing participation and diversification in response to environmental,regulatory and economic pressures

Heterogeneity in human responses and decision‐making can contribute to the resilience of social–ecological systems in the face of environmental, political and economic pressures. In fishery systems worldwide, the ability of harvesters to maintain a diverse portfolio of fishing strategies is important for building adaptive capacity. We used a case‐study approach to examine the complexity of factors that inhibit or promote diversification in fisheries of Alaska, one of the major fishing regions of the world. Through a combination of harvest records and literature review, we explored shifts in participation and portfolio diversity in Alaskan fisheries over three decades. The four case‐studies examined the responses of fishers, fleets and communities to multiple, intersecting pressures, including biological declines, market and price dynamics, fishery privatization and the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These cases illustrate how stressors acting at multiple scales can encourage or constrain opportunities for diversification, and that these opportunities may be spread inequitably across participants. Overall, we found evidence for reduced participation and increasing specialization in Alaskan commercial fisheries. While numerous factors explain these trends, policies like individual quota systems and the increasing cost of entry into fisheries are forcing consolidation at local to regional scales. A portfolio approach to managing fisheries that reduces barriers to diversification and includes broad representation of resource users and communities in management may help to maintain opportunity and choice for fishers.     

我国玉米病虫害发生现状、趋势与防控对策

近年来,随着我国农业种植结构的调整和耕作栽培方式的转变,玉米品种选育加快,种植面积迅速增加,玉米病虫害发生一直呈加重趋势,一些次要病虫害在全国范围或局部地区为害不断加重,上升为主要病虫害,生产上还出现了一些新发病虫害,对玉米安全生产构成了威胁。本文总结了我国玉米重要病虫害的发生现状,并对发生趋势进行了分析,目前生产上的重要病虫害如亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟、棉铃虫以及黏虫为害加重并将持续发生;土传病害玉米茎腐病、穗腐病等危害将持续加重;风险性叶斑病玉米大斑病、南方锈病等仍在流行,未来不可忽视;还需关注未来危害性具有上升趋势的病虫害。提出了相应的防控对策。     

Assessing the effectiveness of manure export plus intensive silage cropping for lowering the Olsen‐P status of P‐enriched grassland

A substantial proportion of farmed grassland soils in Northern Ireland (NI) are overly enriched with P and pose a risk to water quality. To address this problem, manure could be exported rather than recycled to P‐enriched land and the latter intensively cropped with grass silage to deplete soil P. To assess the efficacy of such a strategy, a P‐ and K‐enriched grassland site was intensively cropped over a 6‐yr period with fertilizer N alone supplied to support silage growth. By year 6, soil P had declined from index 5 to index 3, and it was estimated that two more years of this management may bring it into the target index 2 range. Soil K, however, declined rapidly from index 4 to index 1 in just 4 yr, with the result that grass production became limited by K deficiency. It was concluded that nonrecycling of manure to P‐enriched grassland under silage management is probably the most effective strategy for lowering soil P status, but care must be taken to prevent K deficiency occurring.     

基于Kd树改进的高效K-means聚类算法

针对经典的K-means算法在多维数据聚类效率上还有待提高的问题，本文提出一种称为CK-means的改进聚类算法。该算法在k-means算法的基础上，通过引入Kd树空间数据结构，初始聚类中心从多维数据某一维的区间等间隔集中选取，以及在数据对象分配过程中采用剪枝策略来提高算法的运行效率。实验结果表明，CK-means聚类算法较经典的k-means聚类算法运行效率更高。     

体育学术期刊英文编辑工作中存在的主要问题及应对策略

采用文献综述、专家访谈等研究方法，对我国体育学术期刊英文编辑工作中存在的主要问题进行探析，发现整体英文编辑水平不高；英文摘要差错率较高；用词不够准确；中英文不相对应；词的语法和拼写有误等。在此基础上，提出提高体育学术期刊英文编辑自身素质的策略。     

Effects of Addition of Three Types of Biochar on the Soil Nitrogen Balance and Cotton Yield

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of biochar addition on the soil N balance and cotton yield in a drip-irrigated cotton field. The experiment included four soil amendments: control, cotton straw biochar, corn cob biochar, and poultry manure biochar. The biochar was applied at a rate of 4.5 t·hm^－2 except control. The results showed that all three types of biochar significantly reduced both the apparent soil N loss and the N surplus. The effect of cotton straw biochar treatment was most significant, relative to the control. Plant nitrogen uptake differed significantly between the different treatments, decreasing in the order cotton straw biochar > poultry manure biochar > corn cob biochar. Cotton yield also differed significantly between the different treatments, decreasing in the order poultry manure biochar > corn cob biochar, and cotton straw biochar.     

加拿大一枝黄花入侵机理及控制策略

从遗传特征、繁殖特征、生理生态特点、环境的可入侵性、人类活动干扰、化感作用、与土壤微生物的作用7个方面介绍了加拿大一枝黄花的入侵机理,并提出了机械防治、化学防治、生物防治等控制策略.     

非道路动力底盘线控四轮独立转向控制系统研究

我国苜蓿主要生产区为甘肃、宁夏等路况复杂的山地丘陵地带,用于苜蓿收获的非道路动力底盘的行驶灵活性将直接影响其作业性能。为改善其低速工况下的行驶灵活性,基于车辆三自由度动力学模型提出了非道路动力底盘以跟随已知路线前进为目标的多种工况下的分层控制策略,搭建了四轮转向硬件在环实验平台,并进行了仿真实验。实验结果表明:动力底盘模型能够实现轨迹跟随、原地转向及斜向行驶,质心位置最大偏差为0.6 4 1 8 m,中心线方向最大偏差为3.3 0 9 6 rad。开发的控制系统取得较好的半实物仿真效果,为改善非道路动力底盘低速情况下转向灵活性提供了理论基础。     

中国菠萝产业市场定位及拓展策略研究

菠萝是中国重要的热带农业经济作物，但近几年来受国际市场冲击严重。整个产业链资源配置并不合理，致使中国菠萝市场定位仍存在严重局限性。销售终端多集中在国内市场的鲜食部分，菠萝初加工处于萌芽发展阶段，精深加工更有待市场验证。从差异化、动态和目标营销角度对中国菠萝产业市场定位进行分析，并提出市场拓展战略。     

Nitrogen use efficiency of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as influenced by wheat–cotton cropping systems

Wheat–cotton rotations largely increase crop yield and improve resources use efficiency, such as the radiation use efficiency. However, little information is available on the nitrogen (N) utilization and requirement of cotton under wheat–cotton rotations. This study was to determine the N uptake and use efficiency by evaluating the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) N use and the soil N balances, which will help to improve N resource management in wheat–cotton rotations. Field experiments were conducted during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 growing seasons in the Yangtze River region in China. Two cotton cultivars (Siza 3, mid-late maturity with 130 days growth duration; CCRI 50, early maturity with 110 days growth duration) were planted under four cropping systems including monoculture cotton (MC), wheat/intercropped cotton (W/IC), wheat/transplanted cotton (W/TC) and wheat/direct-seeded cotton (W/DC). The N uptake and use efficiency of cotton were quantified under different cropping systems. The results showed that wheat–cotton rotations decreased the cotton N uptake through reducing the N accumulation rate and shortening the duration of fast N accumulation phase as compared to the monoculture cotton. Compared with MC, the N uptake of IC, TC and DC were decreased by 12.0%, 20.5% and 23.4% for Siza 3, respectively, and 7.3%, 10.7% and 17.6% for CCRI 50, respectively. Wheat–cotton rotations had a lower N harvest index as a consequence of the weaker sink capacity in the cotton plant caused by the delayed fruiting and boll formation. Wheat–cotton rotations used N inefficiently relative to the monoculture cotton, showing consistently lower level of the N agronomic use efficiency (NAE), N apparent recovery efficiency (NRE), N physiological efficiency (NPE) and N partial factor productivity (NPFP), particularly for DC. Relative to the mid–late maturity cultivar of Siza 3, the early maturity cultivar of CCRI 50 had higher N use efficiency in wheat–cotton rotations. An analysis of the crop N balance suggested that the high N excess in preceding wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in wheat–cotton rotations led to significantly higher N surpluses than the monoculture cotton. The N management for the cotton in wheat–cotton rotations should be improved by means of reducing the base fertilizer input and increasing the bloom application.